African Research Reports is an open-access journal that publishes high-quality peer-reviewed articles in all areas of research and across various disciplines. The full texts of the articles are freely available online and can be accessed and cited without restriction. African Research Reports is also published monthly and welcomes submissions from scholars worldwide.
Surrogate motherhood in Nigeria: Critical evaluation of proposed Bills
This study critically examines four major legislative attempts to regulate surrogacy in Nigeria: the in-vitro fertilization bill 2015, the assisted reproductive technology (Regulation) Bill 2016, the Surrogacy Bill 2024, and the Women’s Health and Surrogacy Protection Bill 2025. Using a doctrinal and analytical legal methodology, the study evaluates the strengths, limitations, and ethical implications of these proposed Bills within Nigeria’s constitutional, cultural, and human rights milieu. The analysis reveals a gradual legislative evolution from a predominantly medical and institutional regulation of assisted reproduction toward a more explicit concern for the protection of women’s health and dignity. The study argues for a more comprehensive and ethically grounded regulation that will protects women, children, and reflects Nigeria’s socio-legal realities, even if it could be achieved by an administrative ban.
Copyright (c) 2026 African Research Reports
Missionary journeys of Paul in Acts of the Apostles: A study of partnership as a catalyst for evangelical success
This study examines the missionary journeys of Apostle Paul in the Acts of the Apostles and analyzes the strategic role of partnership in the success of his evangelistic ministry. Rooted in the mandate of the Great Commission (Matt. 28:19–20; Acts 1:8), Paul’s missionary enterprise demonstrates that Christian mission is inherently collaborative rather than individualistic. Drawing from the Lucan account in Acts and supported by Pauline theology, the paper explores Paul’s three major missionary journeys and highlights his partnerships with co-laborers such as Barnabas, Silas, Timothy, Priscilla, Aquila, and other associates. These partnerships provided spiritual support, complementary gifts, accountability, cultural access, and resilience amid persecution and opposition from both Jewish authorities and the Roman Empire. The study argues that Paul’s team-based missionary strategy significantly contributed to the rapid expansion of Christianity across Galatia, Macedonia, Achaia, and Asia within a relatively short period. His model reflects the corporate nature of the Church as the body of Christ, where diverse spiritual gifts function collectively for effective evangelism and church planting. By examining biblical, historical, and theological perspectives on evangelism and mission, this work affirms that partnership is not merely a pragmatic approach but a theological necessity rooted in Christ’s own model of ministry. The paper concludes that contemporary mission efforts can draw vital lessons from Paul’s collaborative strategy to enhance evangelical effectiveness in the twenty-first-century Church.
Assessment of operational logistics service quality and repurchase intention among Urban E-commerce Customers in Nigeria
A persistent challenge in urban e-commerce is that poor last-mile delivery performance decreases customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. Thus, this study examined the effect of timeliness, tracking visibility, address verifiability, and service recovery responsiveness (SRR) on customer satisfaction and repurchase intention among urban e-commerce customers in Lagos State. This study employed a quantitative cross-sectional survey design and a sample of 428 respondents to represent the realistic urban e-commerce delivery conditions. Descriptive profiling, reliability and validity tests, Spearman correlation, non-parametric tests, robust ordinary least squares regression and bootstrap mediation were used to analyze data. The findings showed that timeliness (beta = 0.300, p < 0.001), tracking visibility (beta = 0.147, p < 0.001), address verifiability (beta = 0.244, p < .001), and SRR (beta = 0.264, p < .001) each had significant positive effects on customer satisfaction. In the repurchase-intention model, customer satisfaction had the strongest positive effect on repurchase intention (beta = 0.531, p < .001), while timeliness and SRR also retained significant direct effects. The study concluded that customer satisfaction is the most significant mechanism linking delivery implementation with repurchase intention.
Nutritional composition and biomass valorization potential of Terminalia catappa leaf litter
This study evaluated the proximate composition and assessed the nutritional potential of Terminalia catappa leaf litter as a sustainable biomass resource for feed and agro-industrial applications. Proximate analysis revealed that carbohydrates (43.24 ± 0.06%) was the most abundant component, followed by crude fiber (26.90 ± 0.06%), crude fat (12.39 ± 0.06%), moisture (12.32 ± 0.04%), and ash (11.27 ± 0.05%), while crude protein (7.21 ± 0.02%) was the least abundant. The high carbohydrate and fiber contents indicate that the biomass can serve as an energy source and support digestive function, particularly in ruminant animals. Mineral analysis confirmed the presence of essential macro- and micro-elements, including calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, and zinc, highlighting its potential contribution to micronutrient supply, although the values obtained were solvent-dependent and do not represent absolute composition. Anti-nutritional factor analysis showed that tannins (2.85 ± 0.12 mg/g), phytate (1.92 ± 0.08 mg/g), and oxalate (1.35 ± 0.06 mg/g) were present at low to moderate levels, suggesting minimal interference with nutrient bioavailability. The findings demonstrate that T. catappa leaf litter possesses significant nutritional value and can be utilized as a low-cost supplementary feed resource. This study establishes a viable pathway for biomass valorization by converting an underutilized plant residue into a functional material, thereby supporting sustainable agriculture and the development of a circular bioeconomy.
Resveratrol upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in reserpine-induced mice: A mechanistic extension study
Multiple research reports have shown that resveratrol exerts antidepressant-like effects through upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in various depression models. However, the operation of this mechanism in the classic reserpine-induced model, which depletes monoamines via inhibition of the vesicular monoamine transporter, remains poorly understood. Twenty-five mice served as subjects: The control group (group I, n=5) was treated orally with mormal saline (0.9% W/V). The remaining 20 mice were injected intraperitoneally with reserpine (0.2 mg/kg/day) for 16 days to induce depressive-like symptoms. Afterward, they were randomly divided into 4 groups (groups II-V, n=5). They were treated every other day with intraperitoneal injections of 0.2 mg/kg reserpine and once daily with 20 mg/kg fluoxetine, along with graded doses of resveratrol (30 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg). The treatment regimen lasted 15 days. Reserpine significantly (p < 0.05) reduced whole-brain BDNF levels and this reduction was significantly attenuated by resveratrol 60 mg/kg (p < 0.05) compared with the reserpine group alone. This study provides evidence that resveratrol at a higher dose upregulates BDNF in the reserpine model, thereby extending the neurotrophic mechanism to this classic monoamine-depletion paradigm.
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Evaluating the effectiveness of military intervention strategies in urban crime prevention in Namibia: The case of informal settlements in Windhoek
Urban expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa has outpaced state capacity, fuelling a sharp rise in crime, especially in informal settlements where governance remains weak. Namibia stands as a case in point. High youth unemployment, deep poverty, and limited police presence have pushed the Namibian Defence Force (NDF) into civilian policing roles, as seen in operations like Hornkranz and Kalahari Desert. This military involvement has sparked ongoing legal and human rights debates, mainly due to minimal civilian oversight. This study assesses the effectiveness and sustainability of military-led public safety efforts in Windhoek’s Havana informal settlement. The research pursues four objectives: (1) analyse crime rate trends before, during, and after military deployments; (2) investigate public perceptions and lived experiences of military presence; (3) evaluate the legal, ethical, and institutional frameworks guiding military involvement; and (4) identify key challenges and offer policy recommendations for urban security. Using a mixed-methods design, the study combines quantitative data from 356 resident surveys and official crime records with qualitative insights from 41 key informant interviews, focus groups, and household discussions. Civil-Military Relations Theory and Routine Activity Theory inform the analysis. Findings show short-term drops in reported crime and increased feelings of safety, but these gains vanish once the military withdraws. Lasting security improvement demands stronger legal frameworks, clear institutional roles, effective oversight, and real community participation.
Leadership challenges and organizational development in Africa: A systematic literature review of governance failures and pathways to reform
This systematic literature review examines the complex intersection of leadership effectiveness and organizational governance within the African context, identifying these as primary barriers to the continent’s economic and social progress. Drawing on established organizational development (OD) frameworks, including those advanced by Kotter, Cummings and Worley, and Harrison, the review synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, government and institutional reports, conference proceedings, and scholarly monographs to analyse how institutional weaknesses and poor governance structures create organizational cultures resistant to positive change. A structured search strategy was applied, and thematic synthesis was conducted across five country contexts: Zimbabwe, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, and Botswana. The evidence reveals four systemic patterns of institutional pathology: corruption and state capture, nepotism and patronage networks, economic mismanagement, and democratic erosion. While some nations demonstrate democratic stability, persistent implementation gaps and resource-curse dynamics undermine sustainable development even in comparatively well-governed states. The review concludes by proposing evidence-based recommendations for leadership reform and institutional strengthening, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive, systemic OD interventions that simultaneously address structural and cultural dimensions of governance. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how OD principles can meaningfully guide public sector reform across Africa.
Calotropis procera Shrub: A toxicological review of its potential hazards for human use
Calotropis procera, commonly known as the "apple of Sodom" or "giant milkweed," is a perennial shrub widely distributed across Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Traditionally utilized in various ethnomedicinal systems, it has been employed for treating ailments such as fevers, skin disorders, respiratory conditions, and digestive issues. Despite its historical use in folk medicine, recent scientific investigations have raised concerns regarding its safety due to the presence of toxic compounds such as cardiac glycosides, latex proteases, and other bioactive constituents. This review aims to critically evaluate the toxicological profile of C. procera, focusing on both preclinical and clinical evidence. Studies on animal models have demonstrated significant toxicity, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and cardiotoxic effects, particularly at higher doses or upon prolonged exposure. In humans, cases of dermal irritation, ocular injuries, and gastrointestinal disturbances have been reported, often associated with exposure to the plant's latex. The findings underscore the importance of exercising caution in the therapeutic application of C. procera. While it possesses pharmacological potential, its use must be regulated, and further studies are essential to establish safe dosage ranges and administration routes. This review highlights the need for standardized toxicological assessments to ensure the safe integration of this plant in traditional and modern medicinal practices.
Awareness and perceived benefits of solar photovoltaic technology adoption in Nigeria – A review
Nigeria's power system continues to face challenges, including limited grid coverage, frequent outages, and reliance on costly gasoline and petrol generators. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology offers a technically feasible and sustainable alternative, yet adoption remains below potential. This study synthesizes 26 empirical and conceptual studies to examine how awareness and perceived benefits influence PV adoption in Nigeria. The analysis shows that low awareness, especially in rural and northern regions, restricts adoption, while perceived benefits are primarily driven by short-term economic and reliability considerations. Environmental advantages, though secondary, are gaining recognition in institutional and policy contexts. Socioeconomic, governmental, and market factors, such as education, subsidies, tax incentives, and innovative financing models like Pay-As-You-Go, also affect adoption. Despite PV’s long-term economic and environmental benefits, high upfront costs remain a major barrier. The findings highlight the importance of integrated strategies that combine targeted awareness campaigns, quality assurance, supportive financing, and enabling legislation to enhance adoption. Implementing such measures can reduce energy insecurity and accelerate Nigeria’s transition to a cleaner, more reliable, and sustainable energy system.
Internal party democracy and democratic norm-setting in West Africa: A comparative analysis of Nigeria’s PDP and Ghana’s NDC, 2011 –2025
This study examines the internal operations of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) in Nigeria and the National Democratic Congress (NDC) in Ghana from 2011 to 2025, assessing their impact on democratic norms in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Grounded in democratic consolidation theory, the research explores how party structures shape political culture and institutional legitimacy. Using a qualitative research approach, data were drawn from semi-structured interviews and electoral commission reports, and analyzed thematically. Findings show that internal party governance significantly affects national democratic health and regional influence. The PDP demonstrates persistent centralization, elite dominance in candidate selection, over 600 pre-election litigations in 2023, low female representation (below 10%), and declining voter turnout (69% in 1999 to 27% in 2023). In contrast, the NDC has institutionalized participatory mechanisms, codified dispute resolution processes, and increased female candidacy (above 15% by 2020). These differences shape regional standing: Nigeria’s internal party instability has weakened its ECOWAS mediation credibility, while Ghana’s stable party system has strengthened its diplomatic reputation. The study recommends transparent candidate selection rules, periodic constitutional reforms, and regional guidelines on internal party democracy, peer review mechanisms, and linking party support to measurable democratic reforms.
Why MSMEs fail to grow? Internal failure factors in Namibia’s manufacturing sector
This study investigated the internal failure factors that affect the growth of manufacturing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Namibia. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional research design, data were collected from 298 owner-managers of registered manufacturing MSMEs using a structured questionnaire. Internal failure factors were conceptualised in four dimensions: managerial and strategic failure, financial and performance-related failure, capability and innovation failure and relational and sustainability failure. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between these internal failure factors and growth of MSMEs. The results showed significant negative relationships between the managerial and strategic failure, financial and performance-related failure, capability and innovation failure and MSME growth. Regulatory and sustainability failure had a negative correlation with growth but no significant predictive effect in the regression model. Overall, the findings indicated that internal deficiencies within the firm are critical to the growth constraints on MSMEs. The study recommends strengthened managerial skills, adoption of flexible financial practices, and promotion of incremental innovation aligned with firm capacity to improve growth outcomes. Implications highlight targeted MSME support policies; contribution advances internal failure theory; future research should explore longitudinal and sector-specific dynamics influencing MSME growth in developing economies.
Impact of shift work on employees’ health and safety of hotel workers in a developing country
The study examined the effects of shift work on employees’ health and safety among hotel workers in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, focusing on shift type and shift duration. The study population comprised 303 hotel workers across the housekeeping, front office, kitchen, maintenance, and security departments. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Hypotheses were tested using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 27) at a 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that shift type significantly affects employees’ health, with night and rotating shifts contributing to fatigue, sleep disturbances, and physical and psychological strain. Similarly, shift duration significantly influences employee safety, as extended working hours and inadequate rest periods increase the possibility of workplace accidents. The study recommends implementing balanced shift schedules, wellness programs, and regular safety training to mitigate the adverse effects of shift work. The findings provide context-specific insights for hotel management in Owerri to improve employee health, safety, and operational productivity.
Too late to thrive: Delayed diagnosis of congenital intestinal obstruction in infants presenting with failure to thrive, a case series
Failure to thrive in infancy refers to inadequate weight gain or growth and may result from a range of nutritional, medical, or psychosocial conditions. Although intestinal obstruction is a recognised neonatal surgical emergency, it is rarely considered a cause of failure to thrive beyond the newborn period. Delayed or incorrect diagnosis in such cases may result in prolonged malnutrition and increased perioperative risk. Three infants presented with failure to thrive secondary to delayed or missed diagnosis of congenital intestinal obstruction. The cases included a 17-week-old infant with ascending colonic stenosis, an 8-month-old infant with a fenestrated Type I ileal atresia, and a 13-month-old child with partial duodenal obstruction due to malrotation with Ladd’s bands. All patients had persistent gastrointestinal symptoms from early infancy and presented with severe growth failure. These cases highlight the potential for congenital intestinal obstruction to present atypically with feeding intolerance and poor weight gain. A high index of suspicion and early referral for surgical evaluation are essential to improve outcomes in affected infants.
Nigeria’s foreign policy under the Buhari administration (2015–2023): Initiatives, challenges and policy outcomes
This study examines Nigerian foreign policy under the Buhari administration (2015–2023), assessing policy initiatives, implementation strategies, and outcomes. Grounded in Role Theory, the research posits that a state’s international role depends on its internal capacity. Utilizing secondary data from policy documents and scholarly records, the study finds a significant tension between Nigeria’s traditional regional leadership aspirations and its declining domestic capacity. Findings reveal that while security diplomacy revitalized the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), persistent insurgency and banditry highlighted the limits of a purely militarized approach. Furthermore, economic diplomacy was frequently undermined by protectionist measures, such as the 2019–2020 land border closure and delayed African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) engagement, which weakened Nigeria’s regional influence. Despite continued Afrocentric rhetoric, Nigeria’s actual role performance within Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union declined. The study concludes that domestic insecurity, economic fragility, and institutional weaknesses severely constrained the effectiveness of Nigeria’s foreign policy, resulting in a widening gap between the country’s self-conceived leadership role and its actual international impact.
counter-terrorism diplomacy and economic diplomacy
Drivers of MSME growth in Namibia: Empirical evidence from manufacturing enterprises
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play a critical role in Namibia’s economic diversification and employment creation, yet their performance, particularly in the manufacturing sector, remains weak. This study investigates the internal and external drivers of MSME growth using the Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capabilities Theory. A quantitative explanatory design was employed, based on survey data from 298 manufacturing MSMEs. Multiple regression analysis reveals that strategic adaptability, access to finance, and employee training have statistically significant positive effects on MSME growth, while technology adoption and organisational culture, although positively associated, do not exert significant independent effects. These findings suggest that MSME growth is driven primarily by adaptive managerial capabilities and resource accessibility rather than by structural or technological factors alone. The study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence from a developing economy context and offers policy-relevant insights for strengthening MSME capability development and financial inclusion.
A systematic review on the impact of pesticides on the health of farmers in Nigeria
The persistent loss of food, fibre, and other agricultural commodities due to weeds, pests, and diseases has imposed substantial financial burdens on farmers and continues to threaten food security in Nigeria. In response, many farmers have increasingly relied on pesticides to boost agricultural productivity; however, this growing dependence presents significant public health concerns. The unregulated and excessive use of agrochemicals has led to widespread contamination of soil, water, and air, exposing farmers and surrounding communities to harmful toxic substances. This review highlights the effects of agrochemical exposure on the health of Nigerian farmers, detailing the major exposure pathways and the resulting acute and chronic health consequences. Case studies from various Nigerian farming communities further illustrate the gravity of the situation. Although pesticides contribute to improved agricultural output and play a role in enhancing food security, their benefits are overshadowed by serious health risks arising from improper handling, low awareness, and inadequate protective measures among farmers.
Integrating infrastructure, higher education strategy, and national vision policies for sustainable economic growth in Tanzania: A review and conceptual
Sustainable economic growth in Tanzania requires effective integration of infrastructure development, higher education strategies, and national vision policies. This study adopts a narrative and conceptual review approach to synthesize academic literature, national policy documents, and institutional reports in order to examine how these three pillars interact to support economic transformation. The review focuses on transport, energy, and digital infrastructure; higher education’s role in human capital development, innovation, and entrepreneurship; and the strategic guidance provided by Tanzania’s Vision 2025 and 2050. The findings indicate that infrastructure investments are consistently framed as enablers of industrialization and regional connectivity, while higher education is positioned as a driver of skills development and innovation. However, the review identifies persistent challenges, including policy fragmentation, skills mismatch, funding constraints, and regional disparities, which limit effective integration. Based on the synthesized evidence, the study proposes a dynamic conceptual framework illustrating the pathways through which coordinated infrastructure, education, and policy interventions can promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth. The paper contributes to policy and academic debates by highlighting integration mechanisms and gaps that require attention for effective development planning in Tanzania.
Agricultural productivity and economic transformation in Tanzania: A review of challenges and strategic interventions
Agriculture remains the backbone of Tanzania’s economy, contributing significantly to gross domestic product, employment, and rural livelihoods. Despite its importance, the sector continues to experience low productivity due to limited mechanization, inadequate irrigation, weak institutional support, and climate-related challenges. This review examines the key constraints affecting agricultural productivity in Tanzania and assesses strategic interventions required to enhance its role in economic transformation. Drawing on existing literature, policy documents, and empirical reports, the study identifies critical policy gaps, technological limitations, and market inefficiencies that hinder agricultural performance. The review highlights the importance of investment in irrigation and mechanization, strengthening research and extension services, improving market access and value chain development, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices. It argues that enhanced agricultural productivity can stimulate industrialization, value addition, employment creation, and export growth, in line with Tanzania’s Vision 2025 and Vision 2050. The study provides evidence-based insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to transform agriculture into a sustainable driver of inclusive economic growth and structural transformation.
Efficient adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes using agricultural waste–based activated carbon
This study investigates the adsorption of cationic (methylene blue, MB) and anionic (methyl orange, MO) dyes onto activated carbon synthesized from almond seed shells (ASS-AC). The adsorbent was produced via carbonization and chemical activation and characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET analyses. FTIR results revealed abundant oxygen-containing functional groups that enhanced electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding with dye molecules. XRD analysis indicated a predominantly amorphous carbon structure, while BET analysis showed a high surface area of 520 m²/g with dominant microporosity. Batch adsorption experiments evaluated the effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model (R² > 0.99), suggesting chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG° < 0, ΔH° > 0) confirmed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. Equilibrium studies showed that MB adsorption was best described by the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 162 mg/g, while MO adsorption followed the Freundlich model, indicating heterogeneous multilayer adsorption. Overall, ASS-AC demonstrates strong potential as a sustainable, low-cost adsorbent for efficient removal of both cationic and anionic dyes from wastewater.
Urban expansion in sub-Saharan Africa has outpaced state capacity, fuelling a sharp rise in crime, especially in informal settlements where governance remains weak. Namibia stands as a case in point. High youth unemployment, deep poverty, and limited police presence have pushed the Namibian Defence Force (NDF) into civilian policing roles, as seen in operations like Hornkranz and Kalahari Desert. This military involvement has sparked ongoing legal and human rights debates, mainly due to minimal civilian oversight. This study assesses the effectiveness and sustainability of military-led public safety efforts in Windhoek’s Havana informal settlement. The research pursues four objectives: (1) analyse crime rate trends before, during, and after military deployments; (2) investigate public perceptions and lived experiences of military presence; (3) evaluate the legal, ethical, and institutional frameworks guiding military involvement; and (4) identify key challenges and offer policy recommendations for urban security. Using a mixed-methods design, the study combines quantitative data from 356 resident surveys and official crime records with qualitative insights from 41 key informant interviews, focus groups, and household discussions. Civil-Military Relations Theory and Routine Activity Theory inform the analysis. Findings show short-term drops in reported crime and increased feelings of safety, but these gains vanish once the military withdraws. Lasting security improvement demands stronger legal frameworks, clear institutional roles, effective oversight, and real community participation.
The trend of sex ratio at birth in Oyo Federal Constituency, Nigeria
Sex ratio refers to the balance between males and females in a population. Secondary sex ratio focuses on the ratio at birth, expressed as males per 100 females, and it is a demographic indicator that varies among different populations. Birth records spanning 2012-2019 from Oyo State Hospital and 2010-2019 from Ilora State Hospital were obtained and analyzed yearly and quarterly. Statistical tests (Pearson Correlation and Student's t-test) were applied to examine correlations and variations in the data. The 11,881 births recorded in Oyo State Hospital revealed a sex ratio of 101.4:100, and the 2004 births recorded in Ilora State Hospital revealed a sex ratio of 103:100, with correlation values of (0.821*) and (0.697*), respectively. The Student's t-test results (0.9014 at P>0.05) for Oyo State Hospital and (0.8307 at P>0.05) for Ilora State Hospital showed no significant difference. A declining trend in sex ratio at birth (SRB) has been observed in Oyo, whereas Ilora's SRB remains consistent with towns in neighboring states (Osun State) and some African countries. Understanding both sex ratio types aids in analyzing societal demographic trends and gender dynamics. This understanding will assist policymakers and the National Population Commission in recognizing gender disparities and the effects of prenatal care, facilitating more informed decisions.
Numerical method for the solution of a malaria model using the collocation method
This work proposes an approximate solution to a malaria transmission model based on power series expansions and the Hermite collocation method. The work presents the malaria dynamics as a system of nonlinear differential equations that describe the susceptible and infected populations among humans and vectors. The model equations are turned into a set of solvable terms using power series techniques, which allows for analytical insight into the solution structure. The Hermite collocation approach is then used as a numerical approximation tool, employing orthogonal basis functions to generate very precise and stable solutions, even for complicated nonlinearities in the malaria model. Numerical simulations employing this integrated technique show convergence and high agreement between the approximate solutions for various parameters. The findings demonstrate the historical evolution of susceptible and infected classes, offering important epidemiological insights into disease progression and control. This hybrid analytical-numerical framework provides an effective and computationally efficient tool for investigating malaria transmission patterns, allowing for more accurate design of public health interventions and vector control tactics.
Hermite polynomial and power series polynomial
Anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids: Evidence from circulating biomarkers and inflammatory gene-expression studies
Chronic diseases like metabolic syndrome, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, and cardiovascular diseases are caused by inflammation. Dietary interventions, especially omega-3 PUFAs, have been studied for their ability to regulate inflammation. The biological effects of omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, include absorption into cell membranes, modification of lipid mediators, and control of inflammatory signaling pathways. This review examines gene expression profiles and systemic and molecular indicators to determine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation's anti-inflammatory effects. Human clinical trials show that omega-3 supplementation reduces C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, depending on dose, EPA:DHA ratio, and baseline inflammatory status. Animal and in-vitro studies reveal pathways that modulate eicosanoid production, activate pro-resolving mediators, and suppress transcription factors like NF-κB. Omics studies show that epigenetic and transcriptomic changes mediate these effects. Quality evidence is presented, but limitations in study design, supplementation regimens, and biomarker selection weaken the conclusions. This study highlights data gaps, such as human gene expression data and inter-individual response variability and suggests future research. Overall, omega-3 supplementation may reduce inflammation and provide molecular insights for clinical and public health applications.
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
Oil spillage and its health implication on the inhabitant of Okpai Community, Ndowka East Local Government Area, Delta State
This study examined oil spillage and its health implications on the inhabitants of Okpai Community, Ndokwa East Local Government Area, Delta State. The research aims to assess the level of awareness of oil spillage occurrences in Okpai community, identify the major causes of oil spillage, examine its impact on human health and the environment, and determine effective methods for mitigating its effects. A descriptive survey design was adopted, with a sample size of 200 respondents drawn from a target population of 2,000 inhabitants. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using the chi-square (χ²) statistical method. The findings revealed a high level of awareness of oil spillage in the community, identified multiple causes of spillage, and confirmed significant negative impacts on human health and the environment. The study also highlighted various potential strategies for minimizing these impacts. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended regular maintenance of oil pipelines, strict enforcement of environmental laws, and the implementation of effective health education programs to prevent and control oil spillage in the area
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Conflict management in social work: The challenges of clients’ interpersonal and cultural differences
Conflict management in social work, defined as the systematic and ethical handling of disagreements among clients, professionals, agencies, and communities, is increasingly challenged by diverse interpersonal styles, value systems, and cultural worldviews. While conflict is often attributed to interpersonal and cultural differences, it is also shaped by structural and institutional conditions that organize professional–client relationships. This study situates conflict within broader social policy frameworks, bureaucratic mandates, and structural inequalities. Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, quantitative data were collected from 500 practicing social workers across child protection, welfare, migration, and community sectors, followed by qualitative interviews with 28 participants. Findings indicate moderate-to-high levels of professional–client conflict (M = 3.42, SD = 0.71), with policy-induced conflict reporting the highest mean (M = 3.74, SD = 0.69). Institutional pressure (M = 3.89, SD = 0.64), resource constraints (M = 4.01, SD = 0.68), and perceived structural inequality (M = 4.23, SD = 0.59) were strongly endorsed. Regression analysis revealed that institutional pressure (β = .31), moral distress (β = .29), and resource constraints (β = .24) significantly predicted conflict intensity, explaining 54% of the variance. The study recommends a structurally informed, critically reflexive reconceptualization of conflict management in social work practice.
Conflict Management; Social Work; Cultural Competence; Cultural Humility; Interpersonal Communication; Diversity Management; Supervision
Teachers’ beliefs in integrating English Language and Literature as a single subject in the proposed competency-based education curriculum
The study examines the integration of English Language and Literature as a single subject within the Competency-Based Education (CBE). Guided by Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning and Shulman's pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) framework, this study’s main objective was to examine teachers’ beliefs on the integration of English Language and Literature as a single subject in the Competency-Based Education Curriculum. The study used a concurrent mixed-methods design. Ninety-six (96) participants undertook the study; they were all teachers from the four main regions of Eswatini. An online survey Google form questionnaire was developed to collect quantitative data. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, mainly descriptive statistics. The qualitative data were collected through telephone interviews and focus group discussions, and analyzed using thematic content analysis (TCA). The study revealed a nuanced landscape of teacher beliefs regarding the integration of English Language and Literature within the CBE curriculum. While many educators expressed support for the integration, citing its potential to foster deeper linguistic competence, critical thinking, and contextual understanding, others voiced concerns about the practical challenges of its implementation, particularly in terms of assessment, resource availability, and teacher preparedness. The study has implications for the integration of English Language and Literature within the CBE curriculum.
Ethiopia's federal fault lines: Ethno-linguistic governance at the crossroads of unity and fragmentation
Designed to manage its profound diversity, Ethiopia's 1991 shift to ethno-linguistic federalism has inadvertently created critical 'federal fault lines' that now place the nation at a crossroads of unity and fragmentation. While ostensibly intended to safeguard group rights, the federal system has paradoxically engendered a myriad of deep-rooted systemic complexities. This study rigorously examines how this governance paradigm has impacted national cohesion. Through a multi-regional qualitative inquiry, utilizing extensive interviews, focus group discussions, and secondary data, the research demonstrates that the federal system has exacerbated rather than ameliorated ethno-nationalist tendencies. Findings reveal persistent challenges rooted in the complex articulation of ethnic identity with territorial claims, the opportunism of ethnic entrepreneurs, and deep-seated political allegiances that undermine broader national integration. Consequently, absence of effective rule of law, ethnic parochialism, local tyranny, escalating inter-group conflicts, breaches of rights and freedoms, kidnappings, identity-based violence, internal mass displacements, administrative boundary disputes, and socio-economic impediments are now critically threatening the Ethiopian nation-state.
Poor sanitation practices and their implications in Umolo Community, Delta State
This study examined poor sanitation practices and their implications in Umolo Community, Ughelli South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. The study was guided by three objectives: to assess the causes of poor sanitation practices, to determine the health implications of these practices, and to identify effective strategies for promoting improved sanitation. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, with a sample of 150 respondents drawn from a target population of 1,500 using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Chi-square (χ²) tests, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that open defecation, poor environmental attitudes, overpopulation, and inadequate waste collection significantly contribute to poor sanitation practices. Furthermore, poor sanitation was found to have substantial health and economic implications, including disease outbreaks, water contamination, and reduced productivity. The study also identified effective measures for improving sanitation, including public education, enforcement of sanitation laws, construction of drainage systems, and government support. The study concludes that enhancing individual and community awareness, alongside policy enforcement and adequate infrastructure, is essential for promoting sustainable sanitation practices in Umolo Community
Examining identity development, teen pregnancy, and abortion in Rwandan adolescents: A comparative analysis between sexually and non-sexually abused groups
This study aimed to examine the links between identity statuses /dimensions, teen pregnancy, abortion, and motherhood in adolescents exposed and non-exposed to sexual abuse in Rwanda. A case control study design was used to study a sample of 746 girls (10-19 years) composed of a group of adolescents exposed (373) and another of non-exposed to sexual abuse (373). Case and control groups were selected from the Isange One Stop Centers and secondary schools respectively. Data were obtained with a socio demographic questionnaire and the standardized measures of identity statuses and dimensions. The Chi-Square of independence was employed to test the group differences for variables investigated. No significant group variation in age category and other socio demographic variables (p>0.05) was observed. Teen motherhoods account for 22.9% of the total sample and were all from the case group. About 2% of the case group were pregnant and 5.4% of had history of abortion. The groups were significantly different in identity statuses/dimensions (p<.05). The case group reported higher rate of identity diffusion, foreclosure and achievement statuses plus commitment making and identification with commitment than the control group. They also reported lower moratorium, exploration in depth and exploration in breadth than the control group. Findings highlight that sexual abuse accelerates psychological growth and leads to the formation of a premature identity status considered as identity achievement, commitment making, and identification with commitment, particularly during early and middle adolescence.
Disclosure of domestic violence and help-seeking behaviours among female survivors living with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Anambra State, Nigeria
Domestic violence (DV) remains a pervasive public health challenge that affects women’s physical, mental, and social well-being. Disclosure and help-seeking behaviours among survivors are critical for effective intervention and support. This study assessed the disclosure patterns and help-seeking behaviours of female survivors of DV in Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 women living with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a tertiary teaching hospital. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The mean age of respondents was 37.3 ± 11.0 years. The overall prevalence of physical, emotional, sexual, and combined forms of DV was 15.3, 13.3, 8.7, and 5.0%, respectively. Among the 46 (15.3%) survivors, 13% did not disclose their experience, while 28.4% reported to parents or siblings, 19.6% to in-laws, 21.7% to religious leaders, 13% to health workers, and 4.3% to friends or social groups. No reports were made to law enforcement agencies. Most respondents (80%) received counselling, prayer, or emotional support, while 10% received financial assistance, 7.5% shelter, and 2.5% medical support. Disclosure of DV among women living with HIV in Anambra State remains suboptimal. Strengthening community sensitization, integrating DV screening into HIV care, and empowering women through accessible support services are essential for improved outcomes.
Domestic violence, Disclosure, Help-seeking behaviour, HIV, Anambra State.