Anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids: Evidence from circulating biomarkers and inflammatory gene-expression studies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65221/0167Keywords:
Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Inflammation, Biomarkers, Gene Expression, Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)Abstract
Chronic diseases like metabolic syndrome, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, and cardiovascular diseases are caused by inflammation. Dietary interventions, especially omega-3 PUFAs, have been studied for their ability to regulate inflammation. The biological effects of omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, include absorption into cell membranes, modification of lipid mediators, and control of inflammatory signaling pathways. This review examines gene expression profiles and systemic and molecular indicators to determine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation's anti-inflammatory effects. Human clinical trials show that omega-3 supplementation reduces C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, depending on dose, EPA:DHA ratio, and baseline inflammatory status. Animal and in-vitro studies reveal pathways that modulate eicosanoid production, activate pro-resolving mediators, and suppress transcription factors like NF-κB. Omics studies show that epigenetic and transcriptomic changes mediate these effects. Quality evidence is presented, but limitations in study design, supplementation regimens, and biomarker selection weaken the conclusions. This study highlights data gaps, such as human gene expression data and inter-individual response variability and suggests future research. Overall, omega-3 supplementation may reduce inflammation and provide molecular insights for clinical and public health applications.
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