Agricultural productivity and economic transformation in Tanzania: A review of challenges and strategic interventions

Abstract

Agriculture remains the backbone of Tanzania’s economy, contributing significantly to gross domestic product, employment, and rural livelihoods. Despite its importance, the sector continues to experience low productivity due to limited mechanization, inadequate irrigation, weak institutional support, and climate-related challenges. This review examines the key constraints affecting agricultural productivity in Tanzania and assesses strategic interventions required to enhance its role in economic transformation. Drawing on existing literature, policy documents, and empirical reports, the study identifies critical policy gaps, technological limitations, and market inefficiencies that hinder agricultural performance. The review highlights the importance of investment in irrigation and mechanization, strengthening research and extension services, improving market access and value chain development, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices. It argues that enhanced agricultural productivity can stimulate industrialization, value addition, employment creation, and export growth, in line with Tanzania’s Vision 2025 and Vision 2050. The study provides evidence-based insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to transform agriculture into a sustainable driver of inclusive economic growth and structural transformation.