Calotropis procera Shrub: A toxicological review of its potential hazards for human use
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65221/0206Keywords:
Calotropis Procera, toxicity, cardiac glycosides, human poisoning, phytochemical constituents, herbal safetyAbstract
Calotropis procera, commonly known as the "apple of Sodom" or "giant milkweed," is a perennial shrub widely distributed across Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Traditionally utilized in various ethnomedicinal systems, it has been employed for treating ailments such as fevers, skin disorders, respiratory conditions, and digestive issues. Despite its historical use in folk medicine, recent scientific investigations have raised concerns regarding its safety due to the presence of toxic compounds such as cardiac glycosides, latex proteases, and other bioactive constituents. This review aims to critically evaluate the toxicological profile of C. procera, focusing on both preclinical and clinical evidence. Studies on animal models have demonstrated significant toxicity, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and cardiotoxic effects, particularly at higher doses or upon prolonged exposure. In humans, cases of dermal irritation, ocular injuries, and gastrointestinal disturbances have been reported, often associated with exposure to the plant's latex. The findings underscore the importance of exercising caution in the therapeutic application of C. procera. While it possesses pharmacological potential, its use must be regulated, and further studies are essential to establish safe dosage ranges and administration routes. This review highlights the need for standardized toxicological assessments to ensure the safe integration of this plant in traditional and modern medicinal practices.
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